Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits, as well as in working activities such as police work, agriculture, entertainment, and therapy. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of riding and driving techniques developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers.
Specific terms and specialized language are used to describe equine anatomy, different life stages, colors and breeds.
| In horse racing, these example, in the British Isles, colts and fillies as less than Australian Thoroughbred racing less than four years old. | definitions may differ: For Thoroughbred horse racing defines five years old. However, defines colts and fillies as - |
| The height of horses is the withers, where the neck used because it is a stable the head or neck, which move the body of the horse. | measured at the highest point of meets the back. This point is point of the anatomy, unlike up and down in relation to - |
| Ponies are horses. The distinction commonly drawn on the basis of competition purposes. However, dispositive; the difference between include aspects of phenotype, temperament. | taxonomically the same animals as between a horse and pony is height, especially for height alone isn?t horses and ponies may also including conformation and - |
| Horses have 64 sequenced in 2007. It contains 2.7 larger than the dog genome, but the bovine genome. The map researchers. | chromosomes. The horse genome was billion DNA base pairs, which is smaller than the human genome or is available to - |
| Horses exhibit a distinctive markings, described by vocabulary. Often, a horse is before breed or sex. Horses of distinguished from one another by with various spotting separately from coat color. | diverse array of coat colors and a specialized classified 1st by its coat color, the same colour may be white markings, which, along patterns, are inherited - |
Many genes that create horse coat colors and patterns have been identified. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different alleles influencing coat color, and research continues to discover new genes linked to specific traits. The basic coat colors of chestnut and black are determined by the gene controlled by the Melanocortin 1 receptor, also known as the ?extension gene? or ?red factor,? as its recessive form is ?red? and its dominant form is black. Additional genes control suppression of black colour to point coloration that results in a bay, spotting patterns such as pinto or leopard, dilution genes such as palomino or dun, as well as graying, and all the other factors that create the many possible coat colors found in horses.
| Horses which have a mislabeled; a horse that looks middle-aged or older gray. Grays are lighter as they age, but usually their white hair coat. The white are born with a skin, a fairly rare unrelated genetic factors can horses, including several white and the sabino-1 gene. horses, defined as having both | white coat colour are often ?white? is usually a born a darker shade, get keep black skin underneath only horses properly called predominantly white hair coat and pink occurrence. Different and produce white coat colors in different alleles of dominant However, there are no ?albino? pink skin and red eyes. |
The horse skeleton averages 205 bones. A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human is the lack of a collarbone?the horse?s forelimbs are attached to the spinal column by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the shoulder blade to the torso. The horse?s legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse?s ?knee? is actually composed of the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. Similarly, the hock contains bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the ?knuckles? of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof.
| An estimate of a horse?s at its teeth. The teeth life and are worn down by incisors show changes as the distinct wear pattern, changes changes in the angle at which the allows a very rough estimate of diet and veterinary care can wear. | age can be made from looking continue to erupt throughout grazing. Therefore, the horse ages; they develop a in tooth shape, and chewing surfaces meet. This a horse?s age, although also affect the rate of tooth - |
The horses? senses are based on their status as prey animals, where they must be aware of their surroundings at all times. They have the largest eyes of any land mammal, and are lateral-eyed, meaning that their eyes are positioned on the sides of their heads. This means that horses have a range of vision of more than 350x, with approximately 65x of this being binocular vision and the remaining 285x monocular vision. Horses have excellent day and night vision, but they have two-color, or dichromatic vision; their colour vision is somewhat like red-green colour blindness in humans, where certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear as a shade of green. Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, isn?t their strongest asset; they rely to a greater extent on vision.
A horse?s hearing is good, and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to 180x, giving the potential for 360x hearing without having to move the head. Noise impacts the behavior of horses and certain kinds of noise may contribute to stress: A 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest in a quiet setting, or if listening to country or classical music, but displayed signs of nervousness when listening to jazz or rock music. This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 decibels. An Australian study found that stabled racehorses listening to talk radio had a higher rate of gastric ulcers than horses listening to music, and racehorses stabled where a radio was played had a higher overall rate of ulceration than horses stabled where there was no radio playing.
| Horses have a great to their ability to feel highly developed where the body and limbs are at of touch is well areas are around the eyes, able to sense contact as anywhere on the body. | sense of balance, due partly their footing and partly to proprioception?the unconscious sense of all times. A horse?s sense developed. The most sensitive ears, and nose. Horses are subtle as an insect landing - |
| Horses have an advanced them to sort through fodder most like to eat, and their even small grains. Horses plants, however, there are occasionally eat toxic amounts of is adequate healthy food. | sense of taste, which allows and choose what they would prehensile lips can easily sort generally will not eat poisonous exceptions; horses will poisonous plants even when there - |
Horses are prey animals with a strong fight-or-flight response. Their 1st reaction to threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is impossible or if their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses. Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant individual, usually a mare. They are also social creatures that are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses. However, when confined with insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals may develop stable vices, an assortment of bad habits, mostly stereotypies of psychological origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, ?weaving?, and other problems.
In the past, horses were considered unintelligent, with no abstract thinking ability, unable to generalize, and driven primarily by a herd mentality. However, modern studies show that they perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and social system identification. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. Studies have assessed equine intelligence in the realms of problem solving, learning speed, and knowledge retention. Results show that horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to solve advanced cognitive challenges that involve categorization and concept learning. They learn from habituation, desensitization, Pavlovian conditioning, and operant conditioning. They respond to and learn from both positive and negative reinforcement. Recent studies even suggest horses are able to count if the quantity involved is less than four.
Domesticated horses tend to face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that stifle instinctive behavior while learning tasks that aren?t natural. Horses are creatures of habit that respond and adapt well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. Some trainers believe that ?intelligent? horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that fits best with an individual animal?s natural inclinations. Others who handle horses regularly note that personality also may play a role separate from intelligence in determining how a given animal responds to various experiences.
| Horses are mammals, and ?warm-blooded? creatures, as opposed reptiles. However, these words meaning in the context of equine temperament, not body temperature. ?hot-bloods?, such as many race sensitivity and energy, while the breeds, are quieter and calmer. classified as ?light horses? or ?cold-bloods? classified as ?draft | as such are to cold-blooded have developed a separate terminology, used to describe For example, the horses, exhibit more ?cold-bloods?, such as most draft Sometimes ?hot-bloods? are ?riding horses?, with the horses? or ?work horses?. |
| Hot blooded? breeds as the Akhal-Teke, now-extinct Turkoman horse, as well breed developed in England breeds. Hot bloods tend to be quickly. They are bred for be physically The original oriental from the Middle East and breeders wished to infuse these cavalry horses. | include ?oriental horses? such Arabian horse, Barb and as the Thoroughbred, a from the older oriental spirited, bold, and learn agility and speed. They tend to refined?thin-skinned, slim, and long-legged. breeds were brought to Europe North Africa when European traits into racing and light - |
| Muscular, heavy draft bloods?, as they are bred not only have the calm, patient heavy carriage full of nicknamed ?gentle giants?. the Belgian and the Percheron, are lighter and carriages or to plow large fields Others, such as the Shire, are to plow fields with heavy, cold-blooded group also includes | horses are known as ?cold for strength, but also to temperament needed to pull a plow or a people. They are sometimes Well-known draft breeds include Clydesdale. Some, like the livelier, developed to pull in drier climates. slower and more powerful, bred clay-based soils. The some pony breeds. |
| Today, the term subset of sport horse breeds competition in dressage and show term ?warm blood? refers to cold-blooded and hot-blooded breeds such as the Irish The term was once used to riding horse other than Morgan horse. | ?Warmblood? refers to a specific that are used for jumping. Strictly speaking, the any cross between breeds. Examples include Draught or the Cleveland Bay. refer to breeds of light Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the - |
| Horses are able to sleep down. In an adaptation from able to enter light sleep by their legs, allowing them to Horses sleep better when in will sleep while others predators. A horse kept alone will instincts are to keep a constant | both standing up and lying life in the wild, horses are using a ?stay apparatus? in doze without collapsing. groups because some animals stand guard to watch for not sleep well because its eye out for danger. |
| Horses must lie down to have to lie down for an hour or their minimum REM sleep never allowed to lie down, become sleep-deprived, and in collapse as it involuntarily still standing. This narcolepsy, although horses may disorder. | reach REM sleep. They only two every few days to meet requirements. However, if a horse is after several days it will rare cases may suddenly slips into REM sleep while condition differs from also suffer from that - |
Related Sites for Horse
- Breeds of Livestock ? Horse Breeds read Horse
- Welcome to the Official Web site of the Appaloosa Horse Club read Horse
- Cindy Pierson Dulay?s Horse-Races.Net ? Welcome! read Horse
- Horse Racing | Horse Racing Entries | Horse Racing Results | Past ? read Horse
Source: http://topdefinitions.com/2013/07/21/horse-is/
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